Seal population dynamics as indicators of marine environmental health

The UK hosts approximately 40% of the world’s grey seals and 30% of the eastern Atlantic subspecies of harbour seal. These species are used by the UK and European governments as indicators of marine environmental health. Their management requires balancing their conservation and welfare with the sustainable use of marine environments, including the realisation of blue economy goals and minimisation of fishery-seal conflict. Seal population dynamics research conducted by the Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU) at the University of St Andrews comprises an integrated programme of bespoke surveys (Figure 1), mathematical and statistical model development and fieldwork to provide contemporary information on seal demographic rates, abundance and population trajectories. This output has been essential for the UK Government and other European nations to comply with the statutory reporting and assessment requirements of national and international legislation. The research has enabled the effective sustainable management of the marine environment including (1) the setting of safe limits on numbers of seals that can be shot to protect fish welfare and economic return at fish farms, and (2) enhanced seal welfare and conservation by facilitating selection of key haulout sites (where seals rest between trips to sea), which are designated for legal protection from harassment.